Windows should be placed over sinks and work tables. Casement windows with fine white screening provide good light and ventilation over sinks and ranges. They may be fitted with sliding frames or with glass doors. Windows should be placed in all outside walls of the kitchen. Large, easily reached windows should be placed in cellar-way. Shelves, cupboards and drawers are much more satisfactory if coated with white paint or enamel. A kitchen closet shallow in depth should be fitted with hooks for brooms, mops, pails, brushes and shelves for soaps and cleaning powders, and all of the paraphernalia for cleaning purposes. Refrigerators These should be built into wall so that ice can be put in from out- side. Drain pipe with trap should be connected with sewer. There should be a trap in the sewer pipe in addition to the small trap in ref rig. erator pipe. The connection must not be sealed. Refrigerators if not properly cared for may become a serious menace to health. Cleanliness is essential to the proper care of foods. Milk, cream and butter should each have their perfectly tight cov- ers, as their flavor and keeping quality is subject to surrounding odors. The flavor of butter is easily destroyed when left uncovered in a refrig- erator in which fruit or onions are exposed. Gas Range The gas range seems to be the most difficult of all ranges to keep clean, and manufacturers are placing ranges now on the market that are enameled. Do not use scouring soaps on the gas range. If inclined to rust, rub a little clean grease on it. The blaze should be light blue. If the balance of air (oxygen) and gas (carbon) is as it should be the flame will produce the greatest amount of heat. The red or yellow flame indicates that there is not enough air mixed with the gas. This condition should be changed at once by open- ing the air mixer or reducing the flow of gas from the small orifice. This is accomplished with a wrench to fit the connection, or with a pair of pliers. The difference can be easily noted in the supply of heat by hold- ing the hand over the flame when the air is shut off, and again when the adjustment is right. 95 / LESSON No. 20 ' Domestic Science System System is a great aid to efficiency in all things but more so in the kitchen than in any other part of the home. It is not always possible to proceed in the same routine each day with the household duties but certain duties must be taken care of each day that there may be no accumulation of neglect. WORK TABLES, SINKS and RANGE OVENS should be proper height from the floor to eliminate tedious stooping. Thirty-two or thirty- four inches is now considered standard. The kitchen is the laboratory^ or workshop of the home and should be properly equipped for efficient work. Certain essentials are necessary to neatness and dispatch. The furniture of the kitchen should be arranged so that few steps are required. SHELVES or RACKS with large china closet hooks on the under side arranged near the range and tables afford a convenient means of having at hand small skillets, cooking forks, basting spoons, egg beaters and the various tools in almost constant use. The FLOUR and SUGAR BINS should be metal lined with cover of same materials to properly safeguard these materials from mice or pests.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

Windows should be placed over sinks and work tables. Casement windows with fine white screening provide good light and ventilation over sinks and ranges. They may be fitted with sliding frames or with glass doors. Windows should be placed in all outside walls of the kitchen. Large, easily reached windows should be placed in cellar-way. Shelves, cupboards and drawers are much more satisfactory if coated with white paint or enamel. A kitchen closet shallow in depth should be fitted with hooks for brooms, mops, pails, brushes and shelves for soaps and cleaning powders, and all of the paraphernalia for cleaning purposes. Refrigerators These should be built into wall so that ice can be put in from outside. Drain pipe with trap should be connected with sewer. There should be a trap in the sewer pipe in addition to the small trap in refrigerator pipe. The connection must not be sealed. Refrigerators if not properly cared for may become a serious menace to health. Cleanliness is essential to the proper care of foods. Milk, cream and butter should each have their perfectly tight covers, as their flavor and keeping quality is subject to surrounding odors. The flavor of butter is easily destroyed when left uncovered in a refrigerator in which fruit or onions are exposed. Gas Range The gas range seems to be the most difficult of all ranges to keep clean, and manufacturers are placing ranges now on the market that are enameled. Do not use scouring soaps on the gas range. If inclined to rust, rub a little clean grease on it. The blaze should be light blue. If the balance of air (oxygen) and gas (carbon) is as it should be the flame will produce the greatest amount of heat. The red or yellow flame indicates that there is not enough air mixed with the gas. This condition should be changed at once by opening the air mixer or reducing the flow of gas from the small orifice. This is accomplished with a wrench to fit the connection, or with a pair of pliers. The difference can be easily noted in the supply of heat by holding the hand over the flame when the air is shut off, and again when the adjustment is right. / LESSON No. 20 ' Domestic Science System System is a great aid to efficiency in all things but more so in the kitchen than in any other part of the home. It is not always possible to proceed in the same routine each day with the household duties but certain duties must be taken care of each day that there may be no accumulation of neglect. WORK TABLES, SINKS and RANGE OVENS should be proper height from the floor to eliminate tedious stooping. Thirty-two or thirtyfour inches is now considered standard. The kitchen is the laboratory or workshop of the home and should be properly equipped for efficient work. Certain essentials are necessary to neatness and dispatch. The furniture of the kitchen should be arranged so that few steps are required. SHELVES or RACKS with large china closet hooks on the under side arranged near the range and tables afford a convenient means of having at hand small skillets, cooking forks, basting spoons, egg beaters and the various tools in almost constant use. The FLOUR and SUGAR BINS should be metal lined with cover of same materials to properly safeguard these materials from mice or pests.

Twenty lessons in domestic science