A fracture is said to be simple when there is no externa. wound ; compound, when complicated with lesion of the sur- rounding soft parts ; and comminuted when the bone is broken into many fragments. ‘The symptoms of fracture are pain and inability to move the limb. When there is great swelling, it is often difficult to ascertain the nature or even the existence of a 266 Ae ne yet dalton oh alte i Mae ae Os Boats aaa of : Ss ent fracture. The course of a simple fracture is a painful and in- flamed swelling for a few days after the accident, with more or less febrile reaction ; these gradually subside, and with proper treatment the bone unites in from one to two months, with or without deformity according to circumstances not always under the control of the surgeon. Complicated fractures often ter- minate in the death of portions of bone and of the soft parts, in unhealthy abscesses and tetanus, leading prehaps to fatai results unless the limb be removed. The indications of treatment are to reduce or set the fragments and keep them at rest and in close contact soas to prevent deformity ; all disturbing mus- cles must be relaxed, the ends of the bones extended and the parts properly supported and kept in place, the limb bandaged and some kind of splint is applied to keep it immovable of its natural length. The variety of bandage, splints and apparatus for the different kinds of fracture is very great, and in nothing does American surgery stand more pre-eminent than i its in- genious and effectual instruments for the treatment of broken bones. When a surgeon cannot be procuredimmediately the broken limb should be kept as nearly as possible in its natural position. ‘The two portions of the bone must be pulled in op- posite directions, until the limb is of the same length as its fellow, then apply a splint and bind it to the part with a band- age. Of course when there is no deformity the pulling of the bones is unnecessary. Should there be much swelling a cold lotion should be used. If the patient is faint give brandy and water, or sal-volatile and water. 958. How to Restore a Person apparently Drowned. Loosen everything around the neck. Turn the patient's face downward, and raise the body several inches higher than the head, and keep it in this position long enough to count five slowly. ‘This will enable the water to escape from the mouth and nose. Place the patient on his back with the chest slight- ly raised (by some convenient article of clothing such asa folded coat or shawl) and the head in a straight line with the body. Then practise artificial breathing in this way :—Stand astride the patient’s hips, grasp the arms and raise them above. the head until they nearly meet, which expands the chest; then pull them down and press firmly in the sides of the chest ; this contracts the chest and thus forces the breath first in and NEW ite) BS eRe DHS i \ te: Re i a v, / | % p “ Tue Docror. 267 268 THE DomInNIon Cook Book. then out. While this is going on let another person catch hoid of the tongue with a piece of cloth and pull it out, it may be secured by fastening anelastic band over the tongue and under the chin; this opens the little air-valve, covering the air-tube. While this is going on remove all wet clothing, cover the body with warm blankets, etc., and rub the body vigorously. If signs of life appear, place the patient in a warm bed in a well-ventilated room, and give hot drinks, such as milk, tea or coffee. . 959 Scaids and Burns.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

A fracture is said to be simple when there is no externa. wound ; compound, when complicated with lesion of the surrounding soft parts ; and comminuted when the bone is broken into many fragments. ‘The symptoms of fracture are pain and inability to move the limb. When there is great swelling, it is often difficult to ascertain the nature or even the existence of a Ae ne yet dalton oh alte i Mae ae Os Boats aaa of : Ss ent fracture. The course of a simple fracture is a painful and in- flamed swelling for a few days after the accident, with more or less febrile reaction ; these gradually subside, and with proper treatment the bone unites in from one to two months, with or without deformity according to circumstances not always under the control of the surgeon. Complicated fractures often terminate in the death of portions of bone and of the soft parts, in unhealthy abscesses and tetanus, leading prehaps to fatai results unless the limb be removed. The indications of treatment are to reduce or set the fragments and keep them at rest and in close contact soas to prevent deformity ; all disturbing muscles must be relaxed, the ends of the bones extended and the parts properly supported and kept in place, the limb bandaged and some kind of splint is applied to keep it immovable of its natural length. The variety of bandage, splints and apparatus for the different kinds of fracture is very great, and in nothing does American surgery stand more pre-eminent than i its ingenious and effectual instruments for the treatment of broken bones. When a surgeon cannot be procured immediately the broken limb should be kept as nearly as possible in its natural position. ‘The two portions of the bone must be pulled in opposite directions, until the limb is of the same length as its fellow, then apply a splint and bind it to the part with a bandage. Of course when there is no deformity the pulling of the bones is unnecessary. Should there be much swelling a cold lotion should be used. If the patient is faint give brandy and water, or sal-volatile and water. 958. How to Restore a Person apparently Drowned. Loosen everything around the neck. Turn the patient's face downward, and raise the body several inches higher than the head, and keep it in this position long enough to count five slowly. ‘This will enable the water to escape from the mouth and nose. Place the patient on his back with the chest slightly raised (by some convenient article of clothing such asa folded coat or shawl) and the head in a straight line with the body. Then practise artificial breathing in this way :—Stand astride the patient’s hips, grasp the arms and raise them above. the head until they nearly meet, which expands the chest; then pull them down and press firmly in the sides of the chest ; this contracts the chest and thus forces the breath first in and NEW ite) BS eRe DHS i \ te: Re i a v, / | % p “ Tue Docror. 267 268 THE DomInNIon Cook Book. then out. While this is going on let another person catch hoid of the tongue with a piece of cloth and pull it out, it may be secured by fastening an elastic band over the tongue and under the chin; this opens the little air-valve, covering the air-tube. While this is going on remove all wet clothing, cover the body with warm blankets, etc., and rub the body vigorously. If signs of life appear, place the patient in a warm bed in a well-ventilated room, and give hot drinks, such as milk, tea or coffee. . 959 Scaids and Burns.

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