When the food leaves the mouth, it passes down the food pipe into the stomach. Just as soon as the food reaches the stomach the walls of the stomach begin to be active. They push the food along to the further end, mixing it with another digestive juice called the gastric juice. This juice contains two ferments which affect only the proteid foods, changing them into soluble substances. All the time the food is in the stomach it is being mixed with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice which sterilizes the food and keeps it free from bacteria. When the food leaves the stomach, it passes into the next organ of digestion, the small intestine. Upon entering the small intestine it is immediately mixed with the digestive juices there. These juices are called the pancreatic juice, the intestinal juice, and the bile. The pancreatic juice con- tains a ferment which will change starch into sugar ; a fer- ment which will make proteids soluble, and another which will divide the fats so that they can be absorbed. The in- testinal juice contains ferments which act on foods in the same way as the pancreatic juice. In this way any starch which 183 Digitized by Google 184 SECOND YEAR escapes the saliva, or any proteid which escapes the gastric juice, can be digested in the intestines. The bile is not really a digestive juice, but mixes with the food and sterilizes it. All the time the food is in the small intestine the latter keeps contracting in a waveUke motion, moving the food along the long track of the intestine. Nearly all of the food is absorbed through the walls of the small intestines. The food which is not absorbed passes into the large intestines, where the absorption continues; the refuse passes out of the body as waste material. USES OF FOOD TO THE HUMAN BODY The lining of the intestines is covered with tiny projec- tions called viUi. These take the digested food out of the intestines and give it to the blood. The blood takes the sol- uble carbohydrates • and proteids to the liver. If there is more carbohydrate than is needed for the day's use, the excess is stored in the liver as animal starch. The rest goes to the blood, enters the muscles, and is oxidized to produce energy. If we have still an excess, it is stored as fat. The proteids leave the liver and pass out into the blood. The nitrogen in the proteids is used to replace tissue and to build new. If there is more nitrogen than we need, it passes from the body, and the remaining elements in the proteids are used to produce energy. The fats leave the intestine through the villi into a set of vessels called the lacteals. These empty into larger vessels which carry the fats to one of the large blood vessels in the left side of the neck. Here the fats enter the circulation. A large part of the fat is oxidized to furnish energy. All of our tissues have the power of storing excess fat, which the body uses as it has need. Digitized by Google HOME NURSING The Sick Room. — The sick room should, if possible, have a southern exposure, and at least two windows. The farther removed it is from the noise of the house and street, the bet- ter it will be for the patient. When preparing the room for the patient, remove any- heavy hangings and all upholstered furniture. All the hang- ings of the room should be of washable material. The covers for the tables, bureaus, and chairs, etc., should be of white linen. The bed should be of iron. The mattress should be of hair. Place the bed so that it stands out from the wall on all sides, and so that the light from the windows does not come directly in the patient's eyes. There should be one table beside the bed for the patient's bell, books, etc., and one on the other side of the room for the nurse's charts, medicines, etc.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

When the food leaves the mouth, it passes down the food pipe into the stomach. Just as soon as the food reaches the stomach the walls of the stomach begin to be active. They push the food along to the further end, mixing it with another digestive juice called the gastric juice. This juice contains two ferments which affect only the proteid foods, changing them into soluble substances. All the time the food is in the stomach it is being mixed with the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice which sterilizes the food and keeps it free from bacteria. When the food leaves the stomach, it passes into the next organ of digestion, the small intestine. Upon entering the small intestine it is immediately mixed with the digestive juices there. These juices are called the pancreatic juice, the intestinal juice, and the bile. The pancreatic juice contains a ferment which will change starch into sugar ; a ferment which will make proteids soluble, and another which will divide the fats so that they can be absorbed. The intestinal juice contains ferments which act on foods in the same way as the pancreatic juice. In this way any starch which Digitized by Google escapes the saliva, or any proteid which escapes the gastric juice, can be digested in the intestines. The bile is not really a digestive juice, but mixes with the food and sterilizes it. All the time the food is in the small intestine the latter keeps contracting in a wavelike motion, moving the food along the long track of the intestine. Nearly all of the food is absorbed through the walls of the small intestines. The food which is not absorbed passes into the large intestines, where the absorption continues; the refuse passes out of the body as waste material. USES OF FOOD TO THE HUMAN BODY The lining of the intestines is covered with tiny projections called viUi. These take the digested food out of the intestines and give it to the blood. The blood takes the soluble carbohydrates • and proteids to the liver. If there is more carbohydrate than is needed for the day's use, the excess is stored in the liver as animal starch. The rest goes to the blood, enters the muscles, and is oxidized to produce energy. If we have still an excess, it is stored as fat. The proteids leave the liver and pass out into the blood. The nitrogen in the proteids is used to replace tissue and to build new. If there is more nitrogen than we need, it passes from the body, and the remaining elements in the proteids are used to produce energy. The fats leave the intestine through the villi into a set of vessels called the lacteals. These empty into larger vessels which carry the fats to one of the large blood vessels in the left side of the neck. Here the fats enter the circulation. A large part of the fat is oxidized to furnish energy. All of our tissues have the power of storing excess fat, which the body uses as it has need. Digitized by Google HOME NURSING The Sick Room. — The sick room should, if possible, have a southern exposure, and at least two windows. The farther removed it is from the noise of the house and street, the better it will be for the patient. When preparing the room for the patient, remove anyheavy hangings and all upholstered furniture. All the hangings of the room should be of washable material. The covers for the tables, bureaus, and chairs, etc., should be of white linen. The bed should be of iron. The mattress should be of hair. Place the bed so that it stands out from the wall on all sides, and so that the light from the windows does not come directly in the patient's eyes. There should be one table beside the bed for the patient's bell, books, etc., and one on the other side of the room for the nurse's charts, medicines, etc.

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