Grease. — The solvents of grease which may be used in cleaning are kerosene, gasolene, benzine, naphtha, ether, and chloroform. Of these kerosene is used in cleaning utensils which may be oily. Add one tablespoon to the warm water and wash the dish, rinse twice, and then dry. When used on finished woodwork to remove greasy vapors, it must be rubbed dry each time. Alkalies, as ammonia, caustic soda, or caustic potash, form soaps or emulsions with fats, the alkali uniting with the fatty acid of the fat, setting the glycerine free. Sal soda, NagCOg, is an alkaline salt which has a similar though less marked effect. It is used in all cases where the amount of fat is small. Heat aids the formation of a soap, hence these alkaline solutions should always be hot when used. All 58 HANDBOOK OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE kitchen utensils should be put to soak as soon as used, so that when time comes to wash them, no food is dried on. Wash in hot soapy or soda water, rinse, and wipe dry. Never leave the dish stained or blackened, but wash as carefully as the china is washed. Begin with the tin utensils, then granite ware, and last iron ware. Care of the Sink. Disinfectants. — After the dishes are all washed with fresh soapy water, wash the sink in all its parts, leaving no corners in which dirt may collect. Never pour greasy ivater down the sink drain, but first change it into a soap or dissolve it. All dish water 7nust be poured through a fine sieve to remove any coarse particles. Three times a week the sink drain should be flushed with a boiling sal soda solution, one pint sal soda dissolved in three gallons water. Use at least two quarts, following a flushing with very hot water, so that any grease which may have collected will be in a liquid condition, and so will be changed to a soap or emulsion more quickly. Lint from dish-cloths which are very much worn often clog a sink trap, and should not be used for that reason. In the lower portion of every trap there should be an opening closed by a screw cap, so that if drain through careless use becomes clogged, a pail may be placed under the trap, the cap removed, and the trap thoroughly washed and disinfected. The terms "disinfectant," "antiseptic," and "deodorant" are used so loosely that it may not be out of place to define them. "An antiseptic arrests putrefaction or fermentation, but does not kill the micro-organism, whilst a deodorant is used to destroy bad odors from cesspools, stables, and discharges, etc. . . . By term * disinfection ' is meant the absolute destruction of infectious material." THE KITCHEN 59 Chfuiical. iliseptic oportion. Disinfectant. Deodorant. Bichloride mercury . . 1 40,000 1 : 500, 1 : 1000 _ Permanganate of potash, 1 3,000 Saturated solution 1-3000 Boric acid 1 200 — — Carbolic acid .... 1 500 1:20 1- 50 Sulphate copper ... 1 400 — 1- 400 Sulphate iron .... 1 200 — 1- 400 Chloride of lime . . . — 25 % chlorine / 1 lb. to Is qts. II.,0 Chloride of zinc . . . — 1:5 1- 20 Milk of lime .... — Used as whitewa.sh — Boiling water is an antiseptic if temperatitre is main- tained ten minutes. Boiling hot soap-suds is another excellent antiseptic.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

Grease. — The solvents of grease which may be used in cleaning are kerosene, gasolene, benzine, naphtha, ether, and chloroform. Of these kerosene is used in cleaning utensils which may be oily. Add one tablespoon to the warm water and wash the dish, rinse twice, and then dry. When used on finished woodwork to remove greasy vapors, it must be rubbed dry each time. Alkalies, as ammonia, caustic soda, or caustic potash, form soaps or emulsions with fats, the alkali uniting with the fatty acid of the fat, setting the glycerine free. Sal soda, NagCOg, is an alkaline salt which has a similar though less marked effect. It is used in all cases where the amount of fat is small. Heat aids the formation of a soap, hence these alkaline solutions should always be hot when used. All kitchen utensils should be put to soak as soon as used, so that when time comes to wash them, no food is dried on. Wash in hot soapy or soda water, rinse, and wipe dry. Never leave the dish stained or blackened, but wash as carefully as the china is washed. Begin with the tin utensils, then granite ware, and last iron ware. Care of the Sink. Disinfectants. — After the dishes are all washed with fresh soapy water, wash the sink in all its parts, leaving no corners in which dirt may collect. Never pour greasy water down the sink drain, but first change it into a soap or dissolve it. All dish water must be poured through a fine sieve to remove any coarse particles. Three times a week the sink drain should be flushed with a boiling sal soda solution, one pint sal soda dissolved in three gallons water. Use at least two quarts, following a flushing with very hot water, so that any grease which may have collected will be in a liquid condition, and so will be changed to a soap or emulsion more quickly. Lint from dish-cloths which are very much worn often clog a sink trap, and should not be used for that reason. In the lower portion of every trap there should be an opening closed by a screw cap, so that if drain through careless use becomes clogged, a pail may be placed under the trap, the cap removed, and the trap thoroughly washed and disinfected. The terms "disinfectant," "antiseptic," and "deodorant" are used so loosely that it may not be out of place to define them. "An antiseptic arrests putrefaction or fermentation, but does not kill the micro-organism, whilst a deodorant is used to destroy bad odors from cesspools, stables, and discharges, etc. . . . By term * disinfection ' is meant the absolute destruction of infectious material." Chemical. iliseptic oportion. Disinfectant. Deodorant. Bichloride mercury . . 1 40,000 1 : 500, 1 : 1000 _ Permanganate of potash, 1 3,000 Saturated solution 1-3000 Boric acid 1 — — Carbolic acid .... 1 1:20 1- 50 Sulphate copper ... 1 — 1- 400 Sulphate iron .... 1 — 1- 400 Chloride of lime . . . — 25 % chlorine / 1 lb. to Is qts. II.,0 Chloride of zinc . . . — 1:5 1- 20 Milk of lime .... — Used as whitewash — Boiling water is an antiseptic if temperature is maintained ten minutes. Boiling hot soap-suds is another excellent antiseptic.

Handbook of domestic science and household arts for use in elementary schools