1 99 13.3 21 7 10.1 10 5 0.8 27 73 3.1 98 2 1.0 10 5 2.7 36 64 1.0 12 3 1.3 23 77 1.0 29 4 1.0 15 2 5.1 19 52 9.6 37 7 0.9 17 16 0.6 19 63 6.4 26 3 1.0 27 3 2.4 54 46 3.2 70 30 0.5 10 82 Cabbo- HTDRATB 10 92 89 69 82 72 85 85 85 67 83 29 56 67 18 71 70 8 MENUS AND DIETARIES 303 Notice that some foods, like bread, have about the right proportion of protein calories ; others, like beef, beans, and peas are very high in protein calories. By combining some foods high in protein with others containing little or none, we can get the right proportion. Thus, 100 Calories of beef combined with 400 each of bread and butter will give 900 Calories of which 114, or 12.7 per cent, are from protein. ■ Pbotibix Calobies Total CALOaiBB Beef 54 56 4 100 Bread Butter 400 400 Totals 114 900 (114 -J- 900 = 0.127 or 12.7%) It is interesting to work out other combinations which give these good proportions. Ash requirement. — We are also assured of ash in any ordi- nary diet, but some attention should be paid to kiAd and amount, especially as many common foods have lost the parts richest in ash. Patent flour, for instance, made from the inner part of the grain, is not so rich in ash as whole or cracked wheat. Valuable salts are also lost in cooking vegetables when the water in which they were cooked is thrown away. If nqt desired with the vegetable, this should be saved for gravy or soup. It is not necessary to calculate a definite amount of ash for the diet, if ash-bearing foods are freely used. By reference to the table on page 384 you can see what foods are valuable for supplying the important kinds of ash. Milk is particularly rich in calcium and hence is required when the bones are growing. Eggs have iron and phosphorus in forms well suited to growth. But if eggs are too expensive, 304 FOODS AND HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT the vegetables and fruits generally will supply these same substances. Diet for growth. — Diets made in the chemical labora- tory from mixtures of pure (isolated) protein, fat, carbohy- drate, and ash to satisfy all the requirements which we have so far mentioned, do not behave alike when fed to animals. The kind of protein is important as well as the amount. This is shown by experiments in which only one protein is fed at a time. On some, the animals will not thrive. On others, adult animals do very well, but the young ones be- come stunted like the one shown on page 296. Milk has been found to contain proteins on which young animals can thri^'e. But even in diets containing the protein from milk, young animals do not develop normally unless the salts of milk are added too. No perfect substitute for milk has ever been found. During the first year of life, a child lives on it almost exclusively ; for the first five years it should be con- sidered the most important article in the diet ; and through- out the period of growth it should be freely used if children are to become vigorous men and women. If not liked as a beverage, it can be used in cocoa, or cereal cofifee, in soups, puddings, and other dishes. Considering what milk may save in the way of more expensive protein foods, such as eggs and meat, and of ash-supplying foods like fruits and vege- tables, it is to be regarded as a cheap food.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

13.3 10.1 0.8 3.1 1.0 2.7 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 5.1 9.6 0.9 0.6 6.4 1.0 2.4 3.2 0.5 Cabbo- HTDRATB Notice that some foods, like bread, have about the right proportion of protein calories ; others, like beef, beans, and peas are very high in protein calories. By combining some foods high in protein with others containing little or none, we can get the right proportion. Thus, 100 Calories of beef combined with 400 each of bread and butter will give 900 Calories of which 114, or 12.7 per cent, are from protein. ■ Pbotibix Calobies Total CALOaiBB Beef Bread Butter Totals (114 -J- 900 = 0.127 or 12.7%) It is interesting to work out other combinations which give these good proportions. Ash requirement. — We are also assured of ash in any ordinary diet, but some attention should be paid to kind and amount, especially as many common foods have lost the parts richest in ash. Patent flour, for instance, made from the inner part of the grain, is not so rich in ash as whole or cracked wheat. Valuable salts are also lost in cooking vegetables when the water in which they were cooked is thrown away. If not desired with the vegetable, this should be saved for gravy or soup. It is not necessary to calculate a definite amount of ash for the diet, if ash-bearing foods are freely used. By reference to the table on page 384 you can see what foods are valuable for supplying the important kinds of ash. Milk is particularly rich in calcium and hence is required when the bones are growing. Eggs have iron and phosphorus in forms well suited to growth. But if eggs are too expensive, the vegetables and fruits generally will supply these same substances. Diet for growth. — Diets made in the chemical laboratory from mixtures of pure (isolated) protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash to satisfy all the requirements which we have so far mentioned, do not behave alike when fed to animals. The kind of protein is important as well as the amount. This is shown by experiments in which only one protein is fed at a time. On some, the animals will not thrive. On others, adult animals do very well, but the young ones become stunted like the one shown on page 296. Milk has been found to contain proteins on which young animals can thrive. But even in diets containing the protein from milk, young animals do not develop normally unless the salts of milk are added too. No perfect substitute for milk has ever been found. During the first year of life, a child lives on it almost exclusively ; for the first five years it should be considered the most important article in the diet ; and throughout the period of growth it should be freely used if children are to become vigorous men and women. If not liked as a beverage, it can be used in cocoa, or cereal cofifee, in soups, puddings, and other dishes. Considering what milk may save in the way of more expensive protein foods, such as eggs and meat, and of ash-supplying foods like fruits and vegetables, it is to be regarded as a cheap food.

Foods and household management