Domestic science (Johnson, for schools and homes)

Fricassee, 44 Corncake, Baked, 44 Custard, <( ** Apple Dumpling, Boiled, 3 Bass, striped, fresh, Broiled. 4( Beef, lean, fresh, Raw, 44 Beef steak. Broiled, «4 Chicken soup. Boiled, 44 Eggs. Soft-boiled, <» Mutton, fresh. Boiled or broiled. (4 Pork, recently salted, Boiled, <4 Pork, Stewed, 44 Soup, beans. Boiled, 44 Pork steak, Broiled, 3 1-4 Oysters, Roasted, « Mutton, (t 44 Bread, corn. Baked, 44 Carrots, orange, Boiled, 44 Beef, fresh, Roasted, 3 1-? 101 102 DOMESTIC SCIENCE Beef with mustard, Boiled, 31-2 Butter, Melted, (« Bread, wheat flour, fresh, Baked, «• Catfish, fresh, Fried, (( Cheese, old, strong. Raw, « Eggs, Hard boiled. (( Eggs, Fried, (1 Oysters, Stewed, (( Oyster soup, Boiled, « Potatoes, «( <( Mutton soup, (( (I Turnips, «( (( Beet roots. « 3 3-4 Green corn, and beans. <( K Beef, fresh, lean, Fried, 4 Beef soup with vegetables , Boiled, «( Veal, fresh. Broiled, •« Heart, Fried, (( Salmon, salted. Boiled, <( Duck, domestic. Roasted, 4< Fowl, domestic. (( (( Fowl, domestic. Boiled, •« i 1 Beef, salted, old, hard. (( 4 1-4 Cartilage, 4< (« Pork, Fried, «( Cabbage, without vinegar, Boiled, 4 1-2 Duck, wild. Roasted, « Pork, recently salted, Boiled, it Soup, marrow-bone. 4( I* Suet, mutton. <( ** i Veal, Fried, (1 \ Pork, fat or lean. Roasted, 5 1-4 Suet, beef, fresh, Boiled, 5 3-10 Tendon, «( 5 1-2 Based on analysis by Combe, APPENDIX 103 D. Combustion, Respiration, and Ventilation. Combustion is but another name for fire. It is pro- ft iced by the union of some substance, called fuel, with the City gen of the air. Before any substance can unite with oxygen, the substance must be heated to its **burning" temperature; and to produce flame, the fuel must be con- verted into a gas. The gas unites with the oxygen in the air, and ignites; a flame being the result. A flame is burn- ing gas. After all the gas is burned, what is left of the fuel is called ash. Oxygen is by far the most abundant element of the globe; constituting from two-thirds to three-fourths of its entire substance. It is invisible, odorless, and tasteless, and constitutes from one-fifth to one-third the entire atmos- phere, of which it is the active element; nitrogen being a diluant for the oxygen. It is consumed by all animals, and there can be no life without it. It enters the body through the mouth and nose, in the air inhaled, and also with the food taken. In the first case it enters the lungs, and in the second, the stomach; and performs certain specific functions in each case. Within the body, it enters into combination with the carbon in the different tissues, and actually burns out the broken down tissue cells within the blood vessels; and, in so doing, it sets free from the carbon in the blood, a gas called carbonic acid gas, which is thrown off in the ex- haled air from the lungs. In this process, the oxygen produces the heat amd en er^p necessary to perform all the involuntary and voluntary functions of the body. The carbon enters the body in the foods eaten; occurring in all proteids, fats, and carbo-hydrates (See "table", page 89); but without the presence of oxygen in the system, it would lie dormant.