works ; carbon dioxide and monoxide and sulphureted hydrogen from brickfields ; nauseous organic vapors from glue refin- ing, bone burning, fat boiling, candle making, and slaughter houses ; and various vegetable and mineral impurities from near works where cotton, linen, flint, or iron particles are thrown into the atmosphere. Nor must we forget the air of workrooms polluted by various products of manufac- ture, such as lead, phosphorous, flax, etc. The air of towns must necessarily be very impure, owing to the presence of the injurious products given off by combustion, respiration, sewers, and trades ; we find a lessened amount of oxygen, an increased amount of carbon dioxide, and a fairh'- large amount of solid matter, both inorganic and organic. It is also found that it is especi- ally in the narrow streets of crowded parts of the town that the atmosphere is particu- larly foul. In the open spaces and wide streets the impurities are not nearly so great. In close rooms the air is made impure by products of combustion (as from the burning of gas) and by respiration ; the im- purities thus caused may be very great, even to the extent of 3 parts of carbon diox- ide in 1,000 of air. In a room in Leicester, containing six persons, with only 51 cubic feet of air space each, and with three gas- lights burning, the amount of carbon dioxide was found to be over 5 parts per i ,000 of air. Diseases Due to Impure Air. Respiration. — The effect upon most peo- ple of breathing over-iespired air is to cause heaviness, sleepiness, headache, giddiness, fainting, and sometimes vomiting. When the air is still more impure death may re- sult, as in the case of the 146 prisoners kept in the Black Hole of Calcutta, for a single night, of whom 123 died; and also wlien 150 passengers were shut up on a very stormy night in a small cabin of the steamer Londondany, of whom seventy died before morning. The breathing of impure air day after day causes people to become pale, lose their spirits, strength and appetite, and, as a result, they easily contract any infectious disease which is in the district ; and this 561 98 THE FAMIL Y DOCTOR A GOOD VENTILATOR FOR A ROOM. remark especially applies to consumption, which is particularly common in communi- ties, who live in bad impure air, and the fre- q u e n c y of which tends to diminish in proportion as the air habi- tually breatli- e d is i m - proved. Com bus = t i o n . — The solid particles of carbon from the smoke of fires, and the fumes of burning sulphur, are harmful to the respiratory ap- paratus. The gaseous products, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, may cause death if present in large quantities, and even in small quantities cause pallor, headache, heaviness, and oppression. Sewer Gas. — If an atmosphere is very largely contaminated with sewer gas, death may occasionally result. In smaller quan- tities this form of impurity will cause sleep- iness, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic, and prostration. Diarrhoea, typhoid fever, and almost certainly diph- theria are not uncommonly set up by sewer gas getting into houses, but at present there is no certain proof that scarlatina can be caused in this way. The air coming from rivers polluted with sewage, or from land on which sewage has been thrown-, has been known to cause dyspepsia, and even dysentery.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

works ; carbon dioxide and monoxide and sulphureted hydrogen from brickfields ; nauseous organic vapors from glue refining, bone burning, fat boiling, candle making, and slaughter houses ; and various vegetable and mineral impurities from near works where cotton, linen, flint, or iron particles are thrown into the atmosphere. Nor must we forget the air of workrooms polluted by various products of manufacture, such as lead, phosphorous, flax, etc. The air of towns must necessarily be very impure, owing to the presence of the injurious products given off by combustion, respiration, sewers, and trades ; we find a lessened amount of oxygen, an increased amount of carbon dioxide, and a fairly large amount of solid matter, both inorganic and organic. It is also found that it is especially in the narrow streets of crowded parts of the town that the atmosphere is particularly foul. In the open spaces and wide streets the impurities are not nearly so great. In close rooms the air is made impure by products of combustion (as from the burning of gas) and by respiration ; the impurities thus caused may be very great, even to the extent of 3 parts of carbon dioxide in 1,000 of air. In a room in Leicester, containing six persons, with only 51 cubic feet of air space each, and with three gaslights burning, the amount of carbon dioxide was found to be over 5 parts per i ,000 of air. Diseases Due to Impure Air. Respiration. — The effect upon most people of breathing over-respired air is to cause heaviness, sleepiness, headache, giddiness, fainting, and sometimes vomiting. When the air is still more impure death may result, as in the case of the 146 prisoners kept in the Black Hole of Calcutta, for a single night, of whom 123 died; and also when 150 passengers were shut up on a very stormy night in a small cabin of the steamer Londondany, of whom seventy died before morning. The breathing of impure air day after day causes people to become pale, lose their spirits, strength and appetite, and, as a result, they easily contract any infectious disease which is in the district ; and this A GOOD VENTILATOR FOR A ROOM. remark especially applies to consumption, which is particularly common in communities, who live in bad impure air, and the frequency of which tends to diminish in proportion as the air habitually breathed is improved. Combustion . — The solid particles of carbon from the smoke of fires, and the fumes of burning sulphur, are harmful to the respiratory apparatus. The gaseous products, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, may cause death if present in large quantities, and even in small quantities cause pallor, headache, heaviness, and oppression. Sewer Gas. — If an atmosphere is very largely contaminated with sewer gas, death may occasionally result. In smaller quantities this form of impurity will cause sleepiness, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic, and prostration. Diarrhoea, typhoid fever, and almost certainly diphtheria are not uncommonly set up by sewer gas getting into houses, but at present there is no certain proof that scarlatina can be caused in this way. The air coming from rivers polluted with sewage, or from land on which sewage has been thrown-, has been known to cause dyspepsia, and even dysentery.

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