Material. — Candle, glass rod and tube, lime water.
THE KITCHEN 37
A. Historical Data.
(a) Mythological stories.
Greek.
American myths.
(b) Remains of prehistoric man.
(c) Methods of ignition.
Friction or striking flint.
B. Chemistry of Combustion.
Experiment 6. Let each pupil observe the com-
bustion of : —
A common match.
A parlor match.
A safety match.
And then tell what she has observed as to produc-
tion of flame, method of burning, as well as odor.
See the account of matches under the section on
fuels. Light a long splint and insert it into a dry
test-tube. Let pupils tell the reason for the flame
being extinguished.
Essentials for Combustion.
(a) A combustible.
(b) A supporter of combustion.
(c) Heat.
Composition of Air.
Experiment 7. Invert an empty bottle over a lighted
candle standing in a dish of water. Let the mouth
of bottle rest below the water. As air in bottle
has its oxygen exhausted by the burning candle, the
water rises to take its place. By withdrawing the
candle without moving the bottle, and then slipping
a piece of glass over mouth of bottle, it may be
inverted, retaining the water which has replaced
the oxygen or part burned out. By measuring
the water and then measuring capacity of bottle.
do HANDBOOK OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE
the ratio which supports combustion may be
shown.
C. Flame.
Experiment 8. Examine parts of a Bunsen burner,
apply heat from heated wire to ignite the gas.
(a) Carbon or yellow flame.
Study parts of carbon flame.
Hold cold porcelain in yellow flame and ex-
amine the deposit.
Save deposit for next experiment.
(6) Oxygen or blue flame.
Note parts of flame.
Sift into flame part of black deposit from
preceding experiment.
Draw conclusions as to cause of color and
of light in carbon flame.
Composition of Blue Cone.
Experiment 9. Place one end of glass tube in blue
cone of oxygen flame. Apply lighted match at the
other end and note color of flame produced.
Difference in Heating Power.
Experiment 10. Hold one end of glass rod in car-
bon flame and note length of time required to raise
it to red heat.
Hold the other end in oxygen flame.
Compare results.
Explain and state which flame is to be used in cooking.
D. Products of Combustion.
Experiment 11. Water. Hold cold porcelain or
granite ware in blue flame of Bunsen burner for a
minute. Note the moisture on the surface of dish.
(Part of moisture is doubtless due to water in the
gas.)
THE KITCHEN 39
Carbon Dioxid [CO^].
Experiment 12. Light a pine splint, and when it is
burning briskly lower the flame end into a dry-
empty bottle and partly cover the mouth with a
cardboard. Let the pupils note the effect upon the
lighted splinter.
Remove the splinter and add lime water to the bottle,
shahe and again examine.
Experiment 13. Let pupil breathe through glass
tube into lime water and see if results are similar.
Explain necessity of removing COo in both cases.
EUEL
When the combustible element or compound is cheap, it
is known as a fuel. A fuel is usually carbon or a compound
of carbon.
Fuels may be divided into solids, as coal, wood, and prod-
ucts derived from them, as charcoal and coke; liquids, as
petroleum and its products, methyl and ethyl alcohol ; and
gases, as natural gas, coal gas, water gas, and acetylene gas.
Or they may be divided according to probable origin, as
follows :
Page 21
Presented as published in 1900. Historical recipes may not meet modern food-safety standards. Cook from the modern interpretation, not the original instructions.
AI-modernized reading of the original text
Material. — Candle, glass rod and tube, lime water.
A. Historical Data.
(a) Mythological stories.
Greek. American myths.
(b) Remains of prehistoric man.
(c) Methods of ignition.
Friction or striking flint.
B. Chemistry of Combustion.
Experiment 6. Let each pupil observe the combustion of : —
A common match.
A parlor match.
A safety match. And then tell what she has observed as to production of flame, method of burning, as well as odor. See the account of matches under the section on fuels. Light a long splint and insert it into a dry test-tube. Let pupils tell the reason for the flame being extinguished. Essentials for Combustion.
(a) A combustible.
(b) A supporter of combustion.
(c) Heat. Composition of Air.
Experiment 7. Invert an empty bottle over a lighted candle standing in a dish of water. Let the mouth of bottle rest below the water. As air in bottle has its oxygen exhausted by the burning candle, the water rises to take its place. By withdrawing the candle without moving the bottle, and then slipping a piece of glass over mouth of bottle, it may be inverted, retaining the water which has replaced the oxygen or part burned out. By measuring the water and then measuring capacity of bottle.
the ratio which supports combustion may be shown.
C. Flame.
Experiment 8. Examine parts of a Bunsen burner,
apply heat from heated wire to ignite the gas. (a) Carbon or yellow flame.
Study parts of carbon flame. Hold cold porcelain in yellow flame and examine the deposit. Save deposit for next experiment. (6) Oxygen or blue flame.
Note parts of flame.
Sift into flame part of black deposit from
preceding experiment. Draw conclusions as to cause of color and of light in carbon flame. Composition of Blue Cone.
Experiment 9. Place one end of glass tube in blue cone of oxygen flame. Apply lighted match at the other end and note color of flame produced. Difference in Heating Power.
Experiment 10. Hold one end of glass rod in carbon flame and note length of time required to raise it to red heat. Hold the other end in oxygen flame. Compare results. Explain and state which flame is to be used in cooking.
D. Products of Combustion.
Experiment 11. Water. Hold cold porcelain or granite ware in blue flame of Bunsen burner for a minute. Note the moisture on the surface of dish. (Part of moisture is doubtless due to water in the gas.)
Carbon Dioxid [CO^].
Experiment 12. Light a pine splint, and when it is burning briskly lower the flame end into a dry empty bottle and partly cover the mouth with a cardboard. Let the pupils note the effect upon the lighted splinter.
Remove the splinter and add lime water to the bottle, shahe and again examine.
Experiment 13. Let pupil breathe through glass tube into lime water and see if results are similar.
Explain necessity of removing COo in both cases.
EUEL
When the combustible element or compound is cheap, it is known as a fuel. A fuel is usually carbon or a compound of carbon.
Fuels may be divided into solids, as coal, wood, and products derived from them, as charcoal and coke; liquids, as petroleum and its products, methyl and ethyl alcohol ; and gases, as natural gas, coal gas, water gas, and acetylene gas. Or they may be divided according to probable origin, as follows :