Method. — Make this season of the year the occasion to review the whole subject of cleaning. Since they have already had demonstrations of the principles involved, this will be most satisfactorily done in a series of oral language lessons. For practical work let them consider the problem of effectively cleaning the schoolroom. Make a list of what is to be done, and the order of doing. Let the children themselves choose a leader, who shall have absolute power to carry the cleaning through. JUNE MENDING AND SEWING By JULIA K. McDOUGALL Supervisor of Classes in Domestic Art, Pratt Institute CHAPTER XV MENDING BIBLIOGRAPHY Needlework, Knitting, and Cutting Out, Elizabeth Rosevear ; House- hold Sewing with Home Dressmaking, Bertha Banner ; Needlework for Student Teachers, Amy K. Smith ; Progressive Lessons in the Art and Practice of Needlework, C. F. Johnson; Illustrated Sewing Primer, L. J. Kirkwood; Handbook for Sewing-School Teachers, Whittaker ; About Needles, L. T. Robinson. Chautauquan, vol. 20, p. 213 ; Good Words, vol. 8, p. 417 ; London Society, vol. 15, p. 75 ; Atlantic, vol. 19, p. 527 ; Belgravia, vol. 23, p. 470; Galaxy, vol. 4, p. 471; Chambers's Journal, vol. 34, p. 354; All the Year Round, vol. 21, p. 394; Leisure Hour, vol. 10, p. 428. The lessons as here outlined are supposed to give the child a slight insight into the art of mending, so that she may be able to practically apply it later at home. The study of the history of the materials used will be found to enhance the interest of the child in her work, at the same time adding wonderfully to her fund of knowledge. The one suggestion to be made to the teacher is to make the work practical as well as educational. This can be done by applying it always to the home needs, and illus- trating the point at the same time. In presenting a lesson to a class, the demonstration frame in many cases is most valuable, and should be used, if possible. 367 368 HANDBOOK OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE History of Sewing Sewing has existed in every state of society. At first thorns were used as needles, or fibres of plants, to bind the foliage, used as covering, together. Later, as garments were made of skin before woven cloth was manufactured, some nations used small bones of fish or animals, sharpened at the end, as needles, and twisted sinews for thread. The Egyptians were the first to manufacture cotton cloth, and the garments found in the tombs show that at an early period they were expert with their needle in a primitive way, both in sewing and embroidery. Five thousand years ago the Egyptians used needles made of wood. Pins were first made of ivory, afterward of box- wood, bone, and some few of silver. In 1543 the manufac- ture of brass pins was begun, and at the present time the English pins rank the highest in the market. Needles were first made in England by a native of India, in 1545, but the art was lost at his death. It was after- wards recovered by Christopher Greening, in 1560. The women of Greenland sew very well, using sinews of seal, whales, and reindeer for thread, which the girls are taught to prepare at an early age. The women of Corea sew neatly, but very deliberately. The French, as a nation, excel in their fine hand needle- work. The children are taught to sew when very young, and in the schools sewing is made part of their education.

AI-modernized reading of the original text

Method. — Make this season of the year the occasion to review the whole subject of cleaning. Since they have already had demonstrations of the principles involved, this will be most satisfactorily done in a series of oral language lessons. For practical work let them consider the problem of effectively cleaning the schoolroom. Make a list of what is to be done, and the order of doing. Let the children themselves choose a leader, who shall have absolute power to carry the cleaning through. JUNE MENDING AND SEWING By JULIA K. McDOUGALL Supervisor of Classes in Domestic Art, Pratt Institute CHAPTER XV Needlework, Knitting, and Cutting Out, Elizabeth Rosevear ; Household Sewing with Home Dressmaking, Bertha Banner ; Needlework for Student Teachers, Amy K. Smith ; Progressive Lessons in the Art and Practice of Needlework, C. F. Johnson; Illustrated Sewing Primer, L. J. Kirkwood; Handbook for Sewing-School Teachers, Whittaker ; About Needles, L. T. Robinson. Chautauquan, vol. 20, p. 213 ; Good Words, vol. 8, p. 417 ; London Society, vol. 15, p. 75 ; Atlantic, vol. 19, p. 527 ; Belgravia, vol. 23, p. 470; Galaxy, vol. 4, p. 471; Chambers's Journal, vol. 34, p. 354; All the Year Round, vol. 21, p. 394; Leisure Hour, vol. 10, p. 428. The lessons as here outlined are supposed to give the child a slight insight into the art of mending, so that she may be able to practically apply it later at home. The study of the history of the materials used will be found to enhance the interest of the child in her work, at the same time adding wonderfully to her fund of knowledge. The one suggestion to be made to the teacher is to make the work practical as well as educational. This can be done by applying it always to the home needs, and illustrating the point at the same time. In presenting a lesson to a class, the demonstration frame in many cases is most valuable, and should be used, if possible. History of Sewing Sewing has existed in every state of society. At first thorns were used as needles, or fibres of plants, to bind the foliage, used as covering, together. Later, as garments were made of skin before woven cloth was manufactured, some nations used small bones of fish or animals, sharpened at the end, as needles, and twisted sinews for thread. The Egyptians were the first to manufacture cotton cloth, and the garments found in the tombs show that at an early period they were expert with their needle in a primitive way, both in sewing and embroidery. Five thousand years ago the Egyptians used needles made of wood. Pins were first made of ivory, afterward of boxwood, bone, and some few of silver. In 1543 the manufacture of brass pins was begun, and at the present time the English pins rank the highest in the market. Needles were first made in England by a native of India, in 1545, but the art was lost at his death. It was afterwards recovered by Christopher Greening, in 1560. The women of Greenland sew very well, using sinews of seal, whales, and reindeer for thread, which the girls are taught to prepare at an early age. The women of Corea sew neatly, but very deliberately. The French, as a nation, excel in their fine hand needlework. The children are taught to sew when very young, and in the schools sewing is made part of their education.

Handbook of domestic science and household arts for use in elementary schools