Foods and home making

(c) Remove the saucer or cardboard and chimney. Relight the candle. Place the chimney over the lighted candle and let the chimney rest on the pan. Does the candle continue to burn ? Explain. Wrought Iron Range Co., St. Louis, Missouri Figure 63. HOME COMFORT — A Modern Coal Range Showing Indirect Draft A, Fire-box : B, Ash pan ; C, Oven ; D, Water reservoir. The arrows around the fire-box show the direction of the air which enters from the back of the stove as explained in Figure 62. Since the damper in the stove pipe is arranged for an indirect draft, the hot gases (formed by the burning fuels) must pass over, around, and under the oven. They then pass up the stove pipe into the chimney and escape into the air. The hot gases from the burning fuel do not enter the oven, but they heat the oven. The wavy arrows show the circulation of warmed air around and through the oven. The warmed air circulating insures a uniform tempera- ture in every part of the oven. The burning fuels heat not only the oven but the water shown in the reser- voir at D. 184 Refrigerators — Stoves and Firebuilding 185 From Experiment 13 we see that a continuous stream of air cannot be supplied to a fuel unless there is an opening both below and above the fuel. In a stove the air enters through the grating of a fire-box. (See Figures 62 and 63.) The gases formed by the burning fuels pass into the chimney. Whence comes the air which is heated and carried to the different rooms? Whence comes the air needed to make the fuels burn? How do the gases and smoke formed by the burning fuels escape? Inside a stove or furnace there are always small doors called dampers. These small doors or dampers open or close the pas- sage way into the chimney. When we start a fire the dampers should be arranged so that the smoke can pass out through the chimney in a direct path. When the dampers are so arranged, we say there is a direct draft. Modern Housewifery 1 86 How is the oven of a coal range heated ? When the dampers of a coal range are arranged so that there is a direct draft, the top of the stove is heated. With the dampers so arranged, the bottom of the oven would be heated only slightly. It would not be hot enough to brown a food on the bottom. How the oven is heated is explained in Figure 63. How does a hot-air furnace heat a house ? A hot-air furnace is a stove with a jacket of air surrounding it. (See Figure 64.) The furnace stove as well as a kitchen stove must have a draft. When a fire is built in a hot-air furnace, the air in the jacket surrounding the stove is heated. By means of pipes this hot air is carried to the different rooms of a house. SUMMARY A refrigerator should have : 1. Well-insulated walls 4. Easily-cleaned lining 2. Tight joints 5. Good circulation 3. Secure fasteners or locks Points to remember in caring for a refrigerator are : 1. Keep it clean and dry. 4. Keep the doors tightly 2. Keep it well iced. closed. 3. Place nothing on top of ice. 5. Place no hot foods in it. Some characteristics of a good gas range are : 1. Convenient cooking surface with both burners and working space 2. Cooking surface of proper height 3. Little or no nickel 4. Plain smooth surfaces 5. Surface burners close to cooking surface 6. Oven lined with enamel or rust-resisting steel 7. Heat-regulated oven 8. Insulated oven