(a.) Make each end of cheesecloth straight by drawing and cutting to a
thread.
(b.) Draw a thread 1% inches from one end and make a %-inch hem to
meet thread.
(c.) Draw a thread 6% inches from the other end and make a 3-inch hem to
meet thread.
(d.) On wrong side of wide hem, five inches from one end, sew a tape
across hem, Place the centre of tape to the centre of the width of the hem.
When this cap is put on the tape passes under the hair, which is tied in with the
ends of the cap. ,
This cap is cheap, light, cool, easily made and laundered.
Pot Holder.
(a.) Cut open the back seam of a clean old stocking (the colour must be
fast) down to the heel. Cut off the toe.
(b.) Open leg of stocking, fold in three or four to make the size of a large
saucer and cut out.
(c.) Baste the circles together close to the edges. Any old woven under-
garment may be used instead of stocking.
(d.) Cover neatly with white cotton, leave 4% open with hems.
(e:) Fasten on with button and buttonhole.
Hand Towel.
To be made of white huckaback.
To be about half a yard long.
Ends to be hemmed. ; a
Sew a button securely to centre of one hem.
Tape.
One and one-half yards of wide tape to hang round waist or neck to support
holder and hand towel. Make an inch hem at each end, and buttonholes to fit
buttons on towel and holder.
HOUSE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER I.
CLEANING MATERIALS
A housekeeper should know something of the nature of the cleaning
materials she uses and their effects on the different materials of which household
utensils and textiles are made.
Alkalies and acids are used in cleaning, with or without some scouring
material, such as fine sand, ground pumice stone or whiting. These are the
foundation of most cleaning mixtures.
Acids and Alkalies used in the Home.
Acids. Alkalies.
Cream of tartar. Cooking soda (bicarbonate).
Lactic acid in sour milk. Borax.
Lemon juice. Ammonia.
Vinegar. Washing soda.
Oxalic acid. Potash or lye.
Salts of lemon. »+ Poisons.
Muriatic acid.
Alkalies turn red litmus paper blue. They are saltish and soapy in nature,
and strong alkalies burn materials. When used with water they dissolve
grease and dirt.
Acids turn blue litmus paper red. They are sour to taste. An acid will set
free carbonic acid gas in cooking or washing soda. Acids if left on metals form
a poisonous salt.
Acids remove fruit, ink and iron rust stains. Strong acids destroy the colour
of textiles and the fibres; weak acids do not.
Effect of Acids and Alkalies on One Another.
Acids and alkalies neutralize each other, that is they stop the action of each
other if they are of equal strength. Therefore in using an alkali for cleaning
purposes, if it is found to weaken the material or affect the colour, at once
apply a weak acid with water to neutralize or stop the effect. And if an acid,
such as oxalic, is used for removing a stain, the article should immediately be
washed with water containing an alkali, such as ammonia, which will prevent
the acid destroying the material.
Strong alkalies and acids weaken delicate textiles, causing them to wear
into holes, and they spoil enamel and other polished surfaces.
Soap and Soap Powders.
Soap powders are about fifty per cent. soda. They injure the skin, paint,
and all delicate textiles, but they quickly dissolve grease and dirt.
Strong soaps contain much free alkali and should not be used on delicate
materials or finished woodwork.
124 GIRLS’ HOME MANUAL
Scouring Materials, such as coal ashes, sand, powdered bathbrick or pumice
stone, used on a damp cloth, all remove dirt by friction, but will spoil painted
or polished surfaces.
The various scouring materials on the market in the form of cakes or
powder are useful for scouring white wood, tins, zinc and sheet iron, but are
liable to injure highly polished surfaces owing to the alkalies, acids or scouring
material which they may contain.
Page 77
Presented as published in 1913. Historical recipes may not meet modern food-safety standards. Cook from the modern interpretation, not the original instructions.
AI-modernized reading of the original text
(a.) Make each end of cheesecloth straight by drawing and cutting to a thread.
(b.) Draw a thread 1% inches from one end and make a %-inch hem to meet thread.
(c.) Draw a thread 6% inches from the other end and make a 3-inch hem to meet thread.
(d.) On wrong side of wide hem, five inches from one end, sew a tape across hem, Place the centre of tape to the centre of the width of the hem. When this cap is put on the tape passes under the hair, which is tied in with the ends of the cap. ,
This cap is cheap, light, cool, easily made and laundered.
Pot Holder.
(a.) Cut open the back seam of a clean old stocking (the colour must be fast) down to the heel. Cut off the toe.
(b.) Open leg of stocking, fold in three or four to make the size of a large saucer and cut out.
(c.) Baste the circles together close to the edges. Any old woven undergarment may be used instead of stocking.
(d.) Cover neatly with white cotton, leave 4% open with hems.
(e:) Fasten on with button and buttonhole.
Hand Towel. To be made of white huckaback. To be about half a yard long. Ends to be hemmed. ; a Sew a button securely to centre of one hem.
Tape.
One and one-half yards of wide tape to hang round waist or neck to support holder and hand towel. Make an inch hem at each end, and buttonholes to fit buttons on towel and holder.
CLEANING MATERIALS
A housekeeper should know something of the nature of the cleaning materials she uses and their effects on the different materials of which household utensils and textiles are made.
Alkalies and acids are used in cleaning, with or without some scouring material, such as fine sand, ground pumice stone or whiting. These are the foundation of most cleaning mixtures.
Acids and Alkalies used in the Home.
Acids. Alkalies. Cream of tartar. Cooking soda (bicarbonate). Lactic acid in sour milk. Borax. Lemon juice. Ammonia. Vinegar. Washing soda. Oxalic acid. Potash or lye.
Salts of lemon. »+ Poisons. Muriatic acid.
Alkalies turn red litmus paper blue. They are saltish and soapy in nature, and strong alkalies burn materials. When used with water they dissolve grease and dirt.
Acids turn blue litmus paper red. They are sour to taste. An acid will set free carbonic acid gas in cooking or washing soda. Acids if left on metals form a poisonous salt.
Acids remove fruit, ink and iron rust stains. Strong acids destroy the colour of textiles and the fibres; weak acids do not.
Effect of Acids and Alkalies on One Another.
Acids and alkalies neutralize each other, that is they stop the action of each other if they are of equal strength. Therefore in using an alkali for cleaning purposes, if it is found to weaken the material or affect the colour, at once apply a weak acid with water to neutralize or stop the effect. And if an acid, such as oxalic, is used for removing a stain, the article should immediately be washed with water containing an alkali, such as ammonia, which will prevent the acid destroying the material.
Strong alkalies and acids weaken delicate textiles, causing them to wear into holes, and they spoil enamel and other polished surfaces.
Soap and Soap Powders.
Soap powders are about fifty per cent. soda. They injure the skin, paint,
and all delicate textiles, but they quickly dissolve grease and dirt.
Strong soaps contain much free alkali and should not be used on delicate materials or finished woodwork.
Scouring Materials, such as coal ashes, sand, powdered bathbrick or pumice stone, used on a damp cloth, all remove dirt by friction, but will spoil painted or polished surfaces.
The various scouring materials on the market in the form of cakes or powder are useful for scouring white wood, tins, zinc and sheet iron, but are liable to injure highly polished surfaces owing to the alkalies, acids or scouring material which they may contain.