GIRLS’ HOME MANUAL OF COOKERY, HOUSE MANAGE- MENT, HOME NURSING AND LAUNDRY ——— et COOKERY KITCHEN EQUIPMENT HE KITCHEN should be the first room furnished, since the health of the inmates of a home depends upon the efficiency of the work done there. (1,) Buy what is absolutely necessary. (2.) When there is a choice, buy the article easiest to keep clean. (3,) Arrange a convenient place for everything. (4.) Make walls, floor, and furniture as dust and waterproof as possible. (5.) Make some improvement each year to save labour and strength. (6.) Hammer, screw-driver, cup-hooks and tacks may do much to lighten the work of the cook. (7.) A kitchen should be clean, convenient, artistic, and pretty. (8.) The windows and door of a kitchen should be screened to keep out flies. The equipment, with prices, which follows at end of book, may seem to some people large, but no workman can do good work without proper tools. Frequently the living rooms and bedrooms of a house are furnished first, and what money is left, a small sum generally, has to be enough for kitchen require- ments, and too often the housewife suffers from a lack of necessary utensils, which affects her strength and the efficiency of the work. 6 GIRLS’ HOME MANUAL CHAPTER I. A STUDY OF COMBUSTION Cooking is the application of heat to food. To cook food heat is necessary, also oxygen and moisture. The oxygen is found in the air; the moisture is found in the food, or is added to it. Heat is produced by the vibration of matter upon matter. For cooking purposes heat is obtained by combustion. Combustion, or burning, is produced by the union of oxygen in the air with carbon in some substance, such as paper, wood, coal or oil. Fuels are those substances which contain quantities of carbon the burning of which produces heat. Kindling Point. Before combustion can take place the fuel has to be raised to kindling point, that is, the state when it will readily ignite with the oxygen of the air. Kindling point is produced by means of matches, very slight friction of the phosphorus end of a match causes it to ignite and unite with oxygen, thus combustion is started. Combustion will only take place when oxygen is present. ~ HOUSEHOLD FUELS Paper. This quickly burns and with matches is used to start combustion. Wood. Soft wood makes the best kindling. Hard wood lasts the longet when once alight. Local cost per cord...... Hard Coal, called anthracite, yields little gas or smoke, but burns long and gives much heat and is clean to use. It is expensive. Cost per ton Soft Coal yields more gas and smoke than hard. It is sold in large or small lumps. It quickly ignites, but is somewhat dirty. Price per ton eee eee Coke is imperfectly burnt coal. It is not often used in the kitchen. Charcoal is imperfectly burnt wood. It quickly ignites and gives an intense heat. It is often used to light hard coal fires. Oil is the cheapest fuel, but on account of its nature is somewhat unpleasant COuuUse: Alcohol is expensive to use in large quantities. It is highly inflammable, but smokeless. Coal Gas yields heat very quickly. It is easy and clean to use, but dangerous if allowed to escape unburnt. At $1.00 a thousand feet it is not an expensive fuel. . Electricity is equal to gas in convenience and it has no smell, neither is there danger of explosions. It does not yield heat as quickly as gas. It should cost from three to four cents per kilowatt to be equal to gas at $1.00 per thousand feet. THE KITCHEN RANGE The kitchen stove is an iron box, preferably set on legs to make sweeping under it possible. The fuel used is wood or coal, occasionally coke or charcoal. Some stoves are constructed.so that coal, wood, or gas may be used. One of DIAGRAMS OF STOVES, SHOWING COURSE FLAME TAKES A DRECT LTPER UP TO STIOKE LUPE LLUE UNDER \Yigi) OVEN VX FLUE STRIP.

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GIRLS’ HOME MANUAL OF COOKERY, HOUSE MANAGE- MENT, HOME NURSING AND LAUNDRY ——— et COOKERY KITCHEN EQUIPMENT HE KITCHEN should be the first room furnished, since the health of the inmates of a home depends upon the efficiency of the work done there. (1,) Buy what is absolutely necessary. (2.) When there is a choice, buy the article easiest to keep clean. (3,) Arrange a convenient place for everything. (4.) Make walls, floor, and furniture as dust and waterproof as possible. (5.) Make some improvement each year to save labour and strength. (6.) Hammer, screw-driver, cup-hooks and tacks may do much to lighten the work of the cook. (7.) A kitchen should be clean, convenient, artistic, and pretty. (8.) The windows and door of a kitchen should be screened to keep out flies. The equipment, with prices, which follows at end of book, may seem to some people large, but no workman can do good work without proper tools. Frequently the living rooms and bedrooms of a house are furnished first, and what money is left, a small sum generally, has to be enough for kitchen requirements, and too often the housewife suffers from a lack of necessary utensils, which affects her strength and the efficiency of the work. A STUDY OF COMBUSTION Cooking is the application of heat to food. To cook food heat is necessary, also oxygen and moisture. The oxygen is found in the air; the moisture is found in the food, or is added to it. Heat is produced by the vibration of matter upon matter. For cooking purposes heat is obtained by combustion. Combustion, or burning, is produced by the union of oxygen in the air with carbon in some substance, such as paper, wood, coal or oil. Fuels are those substances which contain quantities of carbon the burning of which produces heat. Kindling Point. Before combustion can take place the fuel has to be raised to kindling point, that is, the state when it will readily ignite with the oxygen of the air. Kindling point is produced by means of matches, very slight friction of the phosphorus end of a match causes it to ignite and unite with oxygen, thus combustion is started. Combustion will only take place when oxygen is present. ~ HOUSEHOLD FUELS Paper. This quickly burns and with matches is used to start combustion. Wood. Soft wood makes the best kindling. Hard wood lasts the longet when once alight. Local cost per cord...... Hard Coal, called anthracite, yields little gas or smoke, but burns long and gives much heat and is clean to use. It is expensive. Cost per ton Soft Coal yields more gas and smoke than hard. It is sold in large or small lumps. It quickly ignites, but is somewhat dirty. Price per ton eee eee Coke is imperfectly burnt coal. It is not often used in the kitchen. Charcoal is imperfectly burnt wood. It quickly ignites and gives an intense heat. It is often used to light hard coal fires. Oil is the cheapest fuel, but on account of its nature is somewhat unpleasant COuuUse: Alcohol is expensive to use in large quantities. It is highly inflammable, but smokeless. Coal Gas yields heat very quickly. It is easy and clean to use, but dangerous if allowed to escape unburnt. At $1.00 a thousand feet it is not an expensive fuel. . Electricity is equal to gas in convenience and it has no smell, neither is there danger of explosions. It does not yield heat as quickly as gas. It should cost from three to four cents per kilowatt to be equal to gas at $1.00 per thousand feet. THE KITCHEN RANGE The kitchen stove is an iron box, preferably set on legs to make sweeping under it possible. The fuel used is wood or coal, occasionally coke or charcoal. Some stoves are constructed.so that coal, wood, or gas may be used. One of [illustration: Diagrams of stoves, showing course flame takes] A DRECT LTPER UP TO STIOKE LUPE LLUE UNDER \Yigi) OVEN VX FLUE STRIP.

Girl's home manual of cookery, home management, home nursing and laundry